Design
elements are the basic units of a painting, drawing, design or other visual
piece[2] and include:
·
Color can play a large role in the elements of design[3] with the color wheel being used as a tool, and color theory providing a body of practical guidance to color mixing and
the visual impacts of specific color combination.
Color star containing primary, secondary, and tertiary colors.
Uses
·
It can give emphasis to create a hierarchy and the piece of art
·
Values and tints and shades of colors that are created by adding
black to a color for a shade and white for a tint. Creating a tint or shade of
color reduces the saturation.[3]
A
shape is defined as a two or more dimensional area that stands out from the
space next to or around it due to a defined or implied boundary, or because of
differences of value, color, or texture.[4] All objects are composed of shapes and all other 'Elements
of Design' are shapes in some way.[5]
·
Mechanical Shapes or Geometric Shapes are the shapes that can be
drawn using a ruler or compass. Mechanical shapes, whether simple or complex,
produce a feeling of control or order.[5]
·
Organic Shapes are freehand drawn shapes that are complex and
normally found in nature. Organic shapes produce a natural feel.[5]
The tree's visual texture is represented here in this image.
Meaning
the way a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Texture can be added to
attract or repel interest to an element, depending on the pleasantness of the
texture.[5]
Types of texture
·
Tactile texture is the actual three-dimension feel of a surface
that can be touched. Painter can use impasto to build peaks and create texture.[5]
·
Visual texture is the illusion of the surfaces peaks and
valleys, like the tree pictured. Any texture shown in a photo is a visual
texture, meaning the paper is smooth no matter how rough the image perceives it
to be.[5]
Most
textures have a natural touch but still seem to repeat a motif in some way. Regularly repeating a motif
will result in a texture appearing as apattern.[5]
In
design, space is concerned with the area deep within the moment of designated
design, the design will take place on. For a two-dimensional design space
concerns creating the illusion of a third dimension on a flat surface:[5]
·
Overlap is the effect where objects appear to be on top of each
other. This illusion makes the top element look closer to the observer. There
is no way to determine the depth of the space, only the order of closeness.
·
Shading adds gradation marks to make an object of a
two-dimensional surface seem three-dimensional.
·
Highlight, Transitional Light, Core of the Shadow, Reflected
Light, and Cast Shadow give an object a three-dimensional look.[5]
·
Linear Perspective is the concept relating to how an object
seems smaller the farther away it gets.
·
Atmospheric Perspective is based on how air acts as a filter to
change the appearance of distance objects.IN
Form
may be described as any three-dimensional object. Form can be measured, from top
to bottom (height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). Form
is also defined by light and dark. It can be defined by the presence of shadows
on surfaces or faces of an object. There are two types of form, geometric
(man-made) and natural (organic form). Form may be created by the combining of
two or more shapes. It may be enhanced by tone, texture and color. It can be
illustrated or constructed.
Principles
applied to the elements of design that bring them together
into one design. How one applies these principles determines how successful a
design may be.[2]
According
to Alex White, author of The Elements of Graphic Design, to achieve
visual unity is a main goal of graphic design. When all elements are in
agreement, a design is considered unified. No individual part is viewed as more
important than the whole design. A good balance between unity and variety must
be established to avoid a chaotic or a lifeless design.[3]
·
Perspective: sense of distance between elements.
·
Similarity: ability to seem repeatable with other elements.
·
Continuation: the sense of having a line or pattern extend.
·
Repetition: elements being copied or mimicked numerous times.
·
Rhythm: is achieved when recurring position, size, color, and
use of a graphic element has a focal point interruption.
·
Altering the basic theme achieves unity and helps keep interest.
The top image has symmetrical balance and the bottom image has
asymmetrical balance
·
Asymmetrical produces an informal balance that is attention
attracting and dynamic.
·
Radial balance is arranged around a central element. The
elements placed in a radial balance seem to 'radiate' out from a central point
in a circular fashion.
·
Overall is a mosaic form of balance which normally arises from
too many elements being put on a page. Due to the lack of hierarchy and
contrast, this form of balance can look noisy but sometimes quiet.
A
good design contains elements that lead the reader through each element in
order of its significance. The type and images should be expressed starting
from most important to the least important.
Using
the relative size of elements against each other can attract attention to a
focal point. When elements are designed larger than life, scale is being used
to show drama.[3]
Dominance
is created by contrasting size, positioning, color, style, or shape. The focal
point should dominate the design with scale and contrast without sacrificing
the unity of the whole.[3]
Planning
a consistent and similar design is an important aspect of a designer's work to
make their focal point visible. Too much similarity is boring but without
similarity important elements will not exist and an image without contrast is
uneventful so the key is to find the balance between similarity and contrast.[3]
·
Build a unique internal organization structure.
·
Manipulate shapes of images and text to correlate together.
·
Express continuity from page to page in publications. Items to
watch include headers, themes, borders, and spaces.
·
Space
·
Filled / Empty
·
Near / Far
·
2-D / 3-D
·
Position
·
Left / Right
·
Isolated / Grouped
·
Centered / Off-Center
·
Top / Bottom
·
Form
·
Simple / Complex
·
Beauty / Ugly
·
Whole / Broken
·
Direction
·
Stability / Movement
·
Structure
·
Organized / Chaotic
·
Mechanical / Hand-Drawn
·
Size
·
Large / Small
·
Deep / Shallow
·
Fat / Thin
·
Color
·
Grey scale / Color
·
Black & White / Color
·
Light / Dark
·
Texture
·
Fine / Coarse
·
Smooth / Rough
·
Sharp / Dull
·
Density
·
Transparent / Opaque
·
Thick / Thin
·
Liquid / Solid
·
Gravity
·
Light / Heavy
·
Stable / Unstable
Movement
is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the artwork, often to focal areas.
Such movement can be directed along lines edges, shape and color within the
artwork.
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